Effects of recession on marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Effects of recession on marketing - Essay Example During such times, people show preference to the basic products and eliminate the secondary products most of which they can survive without. This stifles the operation of some manufacturers who operate on such secondary products. Knowing the reduced spending, the companies become more articulating in their expenditures since the market does not promise the effective returns as always. They therefore plan their spending trying to sell as much of their product in the uncertain times. Companies therefore engage in unorthodox marketing strategies with the aim of improving their product visibility and possibly sales. While the market is always compelled to use the basic products such as food products and clothing, the purchasing trend changes and becomes characterized by low rates of purchase and purchase in smaller quantities. The trends worsens for some specific products and services considered secondary by the markets. Such products include electronic and leisure services thereby hampe ring the productivity of the tourism sector. Leisure for example is a mode of relaxation in which people engage during specific times. Additionally, such leisure activities are costly and therefore require a lot of money. Most people therefore prefer to remain at home and spend three times with their families thereby saving on the additional and often unnecessary spending through the holidays. Additionally, recessions result in job losses thereby rendering the financial status of some families unpredictable. While they suffer shocks, they detest spending and therefore control their finances stringently often showing preference to the basic products. The reduced market activities require specific marketing strategies to ensure that products and services perform favorably enough to...While this did not change much, the company relies on a number of production features to increase its marketing process thereby increasing its product visibility in the market at relatively lower costs. A mong such is the diversification of its products among the different market segments (Bogomolova, 2011). The soft drinks manufacturer produces an assortment of other products under different names thereby increasing its market base. Among its most common products are coca cola from where it borrows the name, sprite and Fanta among other types of soft drinks and enriched waters. Besides the product diversification, the company sponsors a number of different sporting events through its different products thereby earning relevance and recognition among the lovers of such sports. Looking at the activities of the two giant companies one of which is an electronic manufacturer while the other is a beverage manufacturer, it becomes evident that recessions require effective management including reduced spending. The companies understand the essence of advertisement and therefore spend fortunes on increasing their product visibility. During recessions, even the big corporations control their spending showing preference to more productive venture. One of the budgets that such business revise is their advertising budgets. This therefore validates the creative advertisement mechanisms that some of such corporations employ like the sponsorship deals.

Discourse Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Discourse Community - Essay Example Many enjoy this and aspire to actually experience it. This is the main reason why car racing games are so popular. I remember watching an episode of the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle years ago. Malcolm’s father devised a plan to get him and his brothers out of school for the day to watch NASCAR. It was the first time they or he would ever watch it live. They were so excited because they know that it will be action-packed with cars going around at full speed. More specifically, his father is more excited at being able to watch cars flying and flipping around at the expense of the driver. Because admittedly so, granted that this may cause the life and limb of the driver, watching it happen is something to talk about. They all though they were going to have a blast and it will be so fast. But of course it was not. The race took hours with the cars going round and round for hundreds of laps. And much to Malcolm’s father’s disappointment, nothing eventful happened that day and they went home bored as ever. Of course, they were not the only ones unfamiliar with the rules of racing because they have only seen the highlights on television. Unlike that NASCAR event they have attended, safety is not always guaranteed on the race track. The driver must rely on his crew and his skills to be able to win and to ensure that he is not hurt whenever he goes out to race. Anyone who wants to learn this sport, as an spectator or as a would-be driver himself must know the rules, the proficiency and the composition of the sport. It contains a language all its own that must be learned to be able to keep track of what is happening. This is vital so that one will not be misled or unaware. A great example of the exclusive language used nonverbally during matches is the flags. The different colors signify different signals to the drivers and his team. The yellow flag or caution flag signifies that there is something wrong on the track and they must slow down.

Fill Factor Analysis of Organic Solar Cell

Fill Factor Analysis of Organic Solar Cell Rashmi Swami, Rajesh Awasthi, Sanjay Tiwari Abstract Solar cell is a device used to convert light into electricity. It can be made by organic and inorganic materials. Its most important parameters are open circuit voltage, short circuit current, fill factor and conversion efficiency. This paper is based on the analysis of factors that affect the fill factor of organic solar cell using MATLAB. Fill factor is calculated using conventional organic solar cell model without series and shunt resistances and constant light generated current for two different cases –first using Exponential dark characteristic and second using Polynomial dark characteristic. We get for exponential V-I relationship increase in ideality factor n, will reduce the fill factor and for polynomial V-I relationship increase in m will increase fill factor. A large dependence of light generated current Iph on increasing applied voltage would cause a significant drop in fill factor. Increase or decrease in an additional factor would accordingly change fill factor. Dark current can be varied in two ways, one by varying mobility and other by varying injection barrier heights. In both the cases fill factor increases proportionately with . Keywords – Organic solar cell, fill factor, ideality factor, open circuit voltage, HTL, ETL. Introduction Bilayer organic solar cell as shown in fig. 1(a) is a device in which thin layer of organic material (donor and acceptor) is used between electrodes to convert light into electricity. This work is completely based on bilayer structure of organic solar cell as shown in fig.1(a) in which poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-bis-N,N-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N,N-phenyl-1,4phenylenediamine) (PFB) is organic donor/HTL and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) ( F8BT) is organic acceptor/ETL. Fig. 1(b) shows simplest conventional organic solar cell model without series and shunt resistances. Open circuit voltage, short circuit current, fill factor and efficiency are four important parameters of OSC. FF = Vmax Imax / VOC ISC When Vm= VOC and Im= ISC then (FF)max=1. For a good photo-voltaic device, all three factors FF, VOC, ISC should be large so that it can deliver large output power for the same incidental optical power. (b) Fig. 1 : (a) Bilayer organic solar cell structure. (b) Conventional organic solar cell model without series and shunt resistances. Simulation Model and Analysis of Fill Factor Two cases have been studied, one where dark characteristic is exponential like p-n junction and other where dark characteristics is polynomial like in space charge limited devices. 1.2.1Exponential Current Voltage Relationship – In this model, dark characteristic is assumed to follow exponential current voltage relationship and Iph is assumed to be constant. (1) where n is ideality factor and Vth is thermal voltage, Iph is light generated current, Id is dark current and I is net output current. Total output measured current can be written as a function of photo-generated current and dark current. (2) Output power of organic solar cell when it is operating at voltage V and giving current I- If maximum power is obtained at voltage Vm, , here assuming (3) Here y exp(y) is Lambert’s W function (4) and (5) At VOC net output current will be zero. At this condition eq. (2) will give (6) 1.2.2 Polynomial Current-Voltage Relationship In this case it is assumed that dark current depends on the applied voltage in the following manner- (7) Where K is constant and . (8) If photovoltaic is operated at voltage V and output current is I, output power will be- To calculate fill factor, one needs to find out the maximum power which photo-voltaic cell can supply. If maximum power is delivered at voltage Vm This will give, (9) and (10) At VOC net output current will be zero. At this condition eq. (8) will give (11) and (12) 1.2.3 Effect of Dark Current on Fill Factor – Simulation using 1D drift-diffusion electrical modeling of bilayer OSC in MATLAB is done. We obtained that the dependence of light generated current on the applied voltage means that fill factor would depend on it as well besides shape of dark characteristics. An estimate of variation of light current can be obtained by taking ratio of its value at short circuit and open circuit condition – At 0 volt, At VOC, i.e. The ratio is a measure of how drop in Iph with the voltage. This ratio can be written as – Thus shows an additional factor that would affect fill factor. As this factor increases or decreases, the fill factor should accordingly change too. Results and Conclusions Eq. (3) suggests that as ideality factor n is changed, keeping reverse saturation current I0 and photo-generated current Iph constant, Vm changes in such a manner that (Vm/n) remains constant. So Im will also be constant as it is a function of (Vm/n). From eq. (6) open circuit voltage is also changes with ideality factor n such that (VOC/n) remains constant. It follows from the above reasoning that (Im/ISC) and (Vm/VOC) will be unchanged if n will vary keeping the reverse saturation current constant. Hence as ideality factor n varies keeping the reverse saturation current I0 constant, fill factor of the device will remain unchanged. Though if open circuit voltage (VOC) assumed to be constant by varying reverse saturation current I0 as ideality factor n changes, fill factor will change accordingly. Assuming Iph to be 1 mA-cm-2, I0 to be mA-cm-2 and ideality factor n to be 1, open circuit voltage and fill factor come out to be 1.25 volts and 0.9 respectively. Taking Iph and VOC constant, the variation of fill factor with ideality factor n is shown in fig. 2. We get that increase in the value of ideality factor n, will reduce the value of fill factor Fig. 2 : Variation of fill factor with ideality constant n. open circuit voltage and light generated current are taken to be constant as 1.25 V and 1 mA-cm-2 respectively. Eq. (12) shows that fill factor is a function of m. Variation of fill factor with m is shown in fig. 3. For m = 1, FF = 0.25. As m increases fill factor also increases and approaches to 1. However, FF will become only 1 when m is infinity. In this case also, m is a measure of the sharpness of the characteristic curve. As m increases, I-V curve becomes increasingly sharper resulting in a high fill factor. For polynomial dark characteristic with constant light generated current we get that increase in m will increase fill factor which approaches to 1 Fig. 3 : Variation of fill factor with m. fill factor approaches to 1 as m becomes larger and larger. Simulation results revealed in fig. 4 show that light generated current Iph is a function of applied voltage, means FF would depend on it as well besides shape of dark characteristic. A large dependence of Iph on increasing applied voltage would cause a significant drop in FF. Increase or decrease in an additional factor would accordingly change fill factor. Dark current can be varied in two ways, one by varying mobility and other by varying injection barrier heights. In both the cases fill factor increases proportionately with as shown in fig. 5 and fig. 6. Fig. 4 : Dependence of light generated current on the applied voltage. and are the hole and electron mobilities respectively. and are the injection barriers at anode and cathode respectively. Fig. 5 : Variation of fill factor with for 0.1eV and 0.3eV injection barrier heights. Different points have been obtained by changing mobility. Fig. 6 : Variation of fill factor with for carrier mobilities and . Different points have been obtained by changing injection barrier height. References J. A. Barker, C. M. Ramsdale, and N. C. Greenham, â€Å"Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of bilayer polymer photovoltaic devices†, Physical Review B 67, (2003), 075205. D. P. Grubera, G. Meinhardtb and W. Papousekc, Modelling the light absorption in organic photovoltaic devices, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 87, (2005), 215-223. J. Wagner, T. Fritz, and H. Bottcher, Computer modelling of organic thin film solar cells exciton model of photocurrent generation, Physica Status Solidi A, 136, (1993), 423. Y. Roichman and N. Tessler, â€Å" Generalized Einstein relation for disordered semiconductors implications for device performance†, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80, (2002), 1948. J. C. Scott and G. G. Malliaras, â€Å"Charge injection and recombination at the metal-organic interface†, Chem. Phys. Lett., 299, (1999), 115. S. E. Shaheen, C. J. Brabec, N. S. Sariciftci, F. Padinger, T. Fromherz, and J. C. Hummelen,† 2.5 % efficient organic plastic solar cells†, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, (2001), 841-843 B. K. Crone, P. S. Davids, I. H. Cambell and D. L. Smith, â€Å"Device model investigation of bilayer organic light emitting doide†, J. Appl. Phys., 84, (2000), 1974. P. W. M. Blom, M. J. M. de Jong and S. Breedijk, â€Å"Temperature dependent electron hole recombination in polymer light emitting diodes†, Appl. Phys. Lett., 71, (1997), 930. C. M. Ramsdale, J. A. Barker, A. C. Arias, J. D. MacKenzie, R. H. Friend and N. C. Greenham, â€Å"The origin of open circuit voltage in polyfluorene-based photovoltaic device†, J. Appl. Phys, 92, (2002),4266. B. Mazhari, â€Å"An improved solar cell circuit model for organic solar cells†, Solar Energy Materials Solar Cells, 90, (2002), 1021.

James Dickey All American Poet Essay -- essays papers

James Dickey All American Poet James Dickey was an American Poet whose life has been very diverse, and in his poetry that diversity is shown. He has a lifestyle that most poets do not get to experience. He has lived in many states and countries. That gives me the reason to think that his poetry resembles this life’s diversity. James Lafayette Dickey, III was born in the town of Atlanta, Georgia on February 2, 1923. His parents were Maibelle and Eugene Dickey. He went to Ed S. Cook Elementary School and North Fulton High School as a kid, both of which are in Atlanta. He was athletic as a child. He played football and track, but his football career led him to a scholarship at the University of Clemson, in Clemson, South Carolina. But, before he went off to college he spent one year at the Darlington School in Rome, Georgia for one year in preparation for a college. He didn’t last longer than a year in Clemson though because he enlisted into the Army Air Corps. He served in WWII as a flight radar observer and navigator. After serving in the army he went to school at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee. He went there on the G. I. Bill. After graduating from Vanderbilt with a M. A. in English, he started to teach. He taught first at the Rice Institute in Houston, Texas. His time there was cut short because he was recalled to duty in Korea as flight training instructor. But as soon as he was discharged from the Corps he returned to teach again at Rice University. He taught at Rice until 1954 when he left to go to Europe on the Sewanee Review fellowship. After returning to the U.S. he joined the English Department at the University of Florida. He did not stay there long because he resigned after a dispute after he h... ...veryone else. He wakes up every day ready to crow his symbol to bring on that day. In the poem he is ready to protect all the female chickens, from another cock that could be in there house. He is ready to battle to the death for what he thinks is his. In this poem he uses ridicule, when he is talking about the old man in a terminal ward, and he also uses connotations. Some example of connotations are when he uses words like; enraged, sullenly, savagery, unappeased and terminal. The life of James Dickey was very diverse and involved many different people. His poetry showed this diversity in many ways too. He has over 2,000 poems, all of which have different genres and different places they have came from. Some of which could have been from past jobs, and others could have been from his past places of residence. That is why he was a very popular poet for his time.

Training and Development in Banking Sector – Research Articles

12 Extent of training in Banks and its Impact on employees motivation and involvement in job Muhammad Farhan Akhtar, Khizer Ali, Miss Shama Sadaqat, Shoaib Hafeez M. Com, Hailey College of Commerce, University of The Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lhr. , Pakistan.Abstract Banking sector of Pakistan is characterized by the high competition and in order to survive in the market place, employers have understood the need for ongoing training and development to equip their employee to better cope up with the demands of the dynamic environment today. This study seek to determine the impact of this training and development on motivation and job involvement along with what training methods are widely used in the banking sector of Pakistan. The primary data for this study was collected through a structured questionnaire that was tailored with the help of literature.The questionnaire comprised of 37 items, categorized into 5 sections, which are general perspective, motivation, job involvement, t raining & development and demographics. Survey was carried outon public and private banks of Pakistan (Punjab region). With the support of SPSS,Co-relation and regression analysis was conducted to generate results. We found that training and development has a positive association with both motivation and job involvement of the employees of banks in Pakistan. Moreover, job instructional training and informal learning are widely used techniques to impart the knowledge towards the employees in banking sector.These findings suggest that by boosting the training and development activities within the banking sector the employees could be motivated and get attached with their work. Keywords: Motivation, Training, Job Involvement, Banks 1. 0 Introduction With the extensive competition , greater demand for providing better product and services, continuously changing in technology and business environment in commercial banking sector demanding more than ever in the past the emphasis on traine d employees in order to meet the equirements of the customer and the business survival, banking industry now calling for up to date/latest and broader banking knowledge, skills, abilities for maintaining their existence and growth, which demand for the proper and effective training to the employees. There are so many situations where service can fall between the cracks. Is the representative at the information desk trained to find a replacement while she is away for a few minutes? No? There goes another customer who doesn't want to wait. (I know. I ve been there).Is the guard at the door trained to direct customers to the right people or does he curtly wave them over to wait at the end of the line at the Information Desk when he could have sent them to the platform person who opens accounts? Do you really think that the employees are well versed with the etiquettes, cultural norms, customer psychology? If you answered no to any of these questions about training, then money is walkin g out the door and you are certainly losing customers which are fuel of your business. Without the fuel you cannot run the train of your business.Due to the cutthroat competition, increased inclination of consumers towards quality oriented products and services, more customer orientation, rapid technological advancements resulting in COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 793 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 methodical alterations and an ever changing business environment signifies, more than ever, the need of training the employees in the banking industry of Pakistan.This research paper serves the purpose of acknowledging the need and importance of training to the bank employees in Pakistan. And whether the training really impacts the employees' performance and contributes to the productivity. 2. 0 Literature review So many studies are available on the subject, which seek to deter mine the impact of training on the motivation and commitment. Some are provided hereafter: Cooper et al. (1989) found a positive relationship between training programs and employees job involvement.He argued that if there are some recognitions and financial benefits for the high performers at the training programs, the feelings of reciprocity emerges in the high performing employees as well as in other ones which motivate them to extend themselves in many ways such as adapting new skills, knowledge and competencies which ultimately leads to improved organizational performance. Miller et al. (1996)examined the need and impact of training and development on the service sector employees is widely discussed topic in the literature.The literature review targets the trade journals, text books and various magazines that contain the information on training and development. Training needs assessment is the first step of an organization s training and development program. It identify the need s or performance requirements of the organization_ it determines whether there is gap between the actual performance and the standard performance set by the organization and if there is any discrepancy between the two, then training is required. After the needs assessment, the training objectives are determined . i. e. who needs training and what training is needed.Then the training is designed and implemented accordingly. At the end it isdetermined whether the training objectives were met. The evaluation system includes identifying participant reactions to the training process, how much participants learned and how well the participants transfer the training back on their respective jobs_ if employees subsequent performance would be better than the previous, then it can be said that the training has a positive impact(most of the time) on employees performance otherwise not Hughey and Mussnug (1997) found a positive correlation between the employee training and employee & job satisf action.Today, every organization provide some type of training to their employees after some intervals. Some companies provide formal trainings such as initial and ongoing training programs, some hire outside training consultants according to their requirements. So motivation for implementing training programs varies from company to company. A very few organizations provide effective trainings to their employees in order to improve their knowledge, abilities and skills, and the correlation of such training programs with job satisfaction is high.On theother hand , some companies provide trainings to meet health and safety regulations and some firms provide training only for appearance sake and the correlation of such type of trainings with motivation is not so high. Dowswell (1998) concluded that lack of time, growing age and other practical constraints demotivated the employees during the training. He found a negative correlation between training and motivation for aging employees a nd managers. He argued that the aging workers always want to maintain the status quo and if they are bound to adapt new skills and competencies through training, then their motivation levels decrease.COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 794 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Lester (1999) said: Professionals must relearn and retrain to maintain the relevance of their skills . In this statement, he argued that changing nature of the corporate environment encourages the managers and employees to continuously relearn and retain new skills, knowledge and competencies in order to keep them up to date.He found a positive correlation between the training and the highest prior level of education gained which increase the employee motivation. He concluded that if employees perform well on the training and subsequent to the training, if they perceive that they have learnt something new which would be an enhancement in their CVs as well as beneficial for them to capture the future opportunities, then their motivation and involvement towards their jobs increase. Stephenson (1999) concluded that there are two basic factors which are very crucial to be present in the employees in this new changing economy i. . ability to learn and adapt and understanding of the new corporate environment which can be utilized by the corporations through continuous training programs in order to increase their motivation as well as involvement towards their jobs. He argued that continuous training and professional development is not a luxury but a necessity of today s changing economy, as employees can better understand that in order to cope with the changing corporate environment and to exploit the future job opportunities training programs are very useful to make them up to date.So most of the time there is a positive correlation between training and professional development programs and th e motivation of employees. Gregory (2001) concluded that training has a great impact on employee s subsequent job performance and the lack of training and development results in managers not familiar with the task requirements as well as the core competencies such as knowledge, skills and abilities which managers must possess to perform well the organization s tasks, as a result their performance as well as motivation level decrease.He suggested that the managers in service organizations must be knowledgeable in all newer functions that apply to their departments so that overall organizational objectives can be achieved effectively and efficiently in accordance with the new demands posses by the corporate environment.. A descriptive study conducted by a group of researchers. Roscoe (2002) said: No professional completes their initial training equipped to practice competently for the rest of their life .He argued that corporate environment is changing day by day and in order to cope with the level of changes, organizations implement various dynamic processes including the training programs which subsequently increase the motivation levels of employees as after the training process most of the employees seek promotions to higher level jobs which is the main cause of motivation. Garavan et al. (2003) found that training process is a more job oriented that can change employee attitudes and behaviors that motivate them to increase their knowledge and understanding of the job according to the dynamic corporate environment.Another researcher (Manu, 2004) suggested the desirable techniques and models which may prevent the failure of a training program. In this study, it is concluded that the organizations should choose those models of training and development that successfully fit into the organization s culture. Needs of training and essential business skills should be carefully assessed. Then appropriate managerial techniques as well as the comprehensive plans or mo dels should be implemented for the effective training and development program in order to motivate the employees, reduce the performance gaps and achieve the organizational goals effectively.Mathieson (2006) found a positive relationship between the training programs in which managers are participatively involved in setting the training design & motivation of employees. He argued that everyone should be involved in the journey of training program as in this way employees feel ownership of the process which add value to their performance which in return motivate them to COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 795 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 eliver the tangible organizational improvements. Morag Mathieson is the training and development manager at the Glenmorangie Company, Broxburn, West Lothian,Uk _ He said that the company s key objective is to design the training programs whic h fully utilize the employee s potential and motivate the employees to continuously adapt the new skills and competencies according to the changing corporate environment. He suggested that management buy-in to training and development through bottom-up-approach can be used for this purpose. Khattaket al. 2010) suggests that training and development is directly related with successful performance of managers, organizations and nations. The countries which spend more on training and development of human resources are relatively more developed as human resources contribute to productivity more than physical and other resources but there is a problem, population growth is inversely related with human capital investment, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan, so it should be controlled in order to spend more on training and development of human resources that make the more employees to get involved in their jobs and ncrease their subsequent performance A Questionnaire survey conducted on 1000 top companies of Malaysia where (Jamil & Som, 2007) concluded that changing nature of today s corporate environment and the intense global competition where consumers demand more quality services require the organizations to continuously train their human resources in order to maintain market competitiveness and business survival.The researchers argued that ad-hoc training approaches and the training programs without proper analysis leads to poor training investments, so three levels of analysis(individual, organizational and operational) as well as the multiple data collection methods and techniques should be used to analyze the training needs in order to effectively design and implement the training programs for motivating the employees and achieving the organizational goals more efficiently. Murphy et al. 2006) concluded that there is positive correlation between training programs and employee s motivation. He argued that are certain set of factors which motiva te the managers and employees to continuously adapt new skills and competencies according to the today s changing environment and also increase their subsequent motivation level. These motivators may include improving the confidence level and self esteem, higher levels of career satisfaction as well as more future promotion opportunities for those who show improved subsequent performance.He also identified some barriers in the way of training to motivation which may include lack of employer s financial support & recognition as well as insufficient knowledge about the training program. He suggested that the organizations should remove such barriers and promotes the motivators in order to effectively implement the training, obtain the required outcomes and subsequently increases employee s motivation and involvement towards their jobs.According to (Longenecker, 2010), there is a positive relationship between training programs and employee motivation which make the employees more invol ved in their jobs and subsequently results in better performance and productivity both for the employees as well as for the organizations. He argued that the organizations which want to attain long-term suitable results, spent huge amounts on training programs in order to make the employees up to date according to the dynamic corporate environment.He also added that employees can t improve their performance if they don t know about the need for change, so it is the responsibility of the supervisors to make the employees aware about the need for training in order to motivate them and obtain the desired outcomes. Adomi (2006) found that there is a positive relationship between training i. e. job rotation and employee motivation. He adopted survey method for the study in which he used questionnaire as data collection instrument. He argued that training programs such as job rotation reduce the COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 96 ijcrb. webs. com INTE RDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 boredom of the jobs and increase the motivation through diversification of the tasks. Employees get motivation and learn new skills through training which make them to have a broader view of the jobs in the organizations in which they work and in this way performance and productivity of both employees as well as the organizations tend to improve. Kushnir, Ehrenfeld and Shalish (2006) argued that there is a positive relationship between training programs i. e. oaching and motivation of employees. He used self report measures as research instrument and compared the experimental study ( graduates who got training ) with the control group ( graduates who didn t get training ) and found that training increased employee motivation, self-efficacy and professional performance among coaches but not in control groups. He also added that training enhances the professional development skills of coaches which mak e them to perform the complex job tasks easily and to get the desired outcomes for the organizations in which they work.Amorose and Butcher (2006) found that there is a positive relationship between training programs i. e. coaching and self determined motivation. He used cross-sectional survey method for the study during the training sessions. He argued that importance of the training programs is obvious as a lot of training factors such as perceived training needs, autonomy as well as sense of relatedness with the training programs affect the motivational outcomes.He also added that performance related feed-back as well as different type of rewards are provided to the employees on the basis of training evaluation which make the employees motivated and enhance their performance which subsequently results in increased productivity and performance of the organizations. 3. 0 Research Methodology 3. 1 Method: We conducted survey questionnaire for the collection of data in our study. The questionnaire consists of total five sections. First section shows the general prospective of training and development on employees.Second section tells about the impact of training and development on motivation of employees. Third section shows the relationship between job involvement and training and development. Fourth section depicts the type of training and development mostly used by banks. Finally, Last section tells the demographics of the respondents. 3. 2 Sample: We take the sample of 100 questionnaires for our study. The respondents of questionnaire are from different bank employees in Punjab region. We selected all types of banks including public banks and private banks.In private banks, we divided the banks also in Islamic banks and conventional banks. The respondents are of all age level with their respective experience level. The questionnaire used in this study is reported in Appendix-I 3. 3 Hypothesis: The study seeks to reveal the causal relationships between the f ollowing: H1: There is positive relationship between Motivation and Training and Development. H2: There is positive relationship between Job Involvement and Training and Development. COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 797 ijcrb. ebs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS 4. 0 Statistical results 4. 1 Demographics Table 4. 1 Type of Bank and Nature of Bank Nature of Bank Conventional Count Type of Bank Public Private Total 21 73 94 Islamic Count 0 6 6 APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Total Count 21 79 100 Table 4. 1 shows the Type of bank and Nature of Bank taken in study. Type of bank consists of Public Banks and Private Banks. Nature of bank consists of Conventional banks and Islamic banks. Public banks refer to those banks which are owned by the Government.Conventional Banks are bank which use typical methods of banking. Islamic Banks are those banks whose operations are according to Islamic rules and regulation. In our surve y, in Public banks, 21 respondents are from Conventional banks and not a single respondent from Islamic banks. In private Sector, 73 respondents are from Conventional Banks and 6 respondents are from Islamic Banks. So in total, 21 respondents from Public banks and 79 respondents from Private Banks and total 94 respondents from Conventional Banks and 6 respondents from Islamic banks. Table 4. Level of Job with Gender and Qualification Qualification Graduation Count Level of Job Middle Level Gender Male Female Upper Level Gender Male Female Total Gender Male Female 18 6 3 0 21 6 Masters Count 48 9 13 1 61 10 Others Count 0 1 1 0 1 1 Total Count 66 16 17 1 83 17 Table 4. 2 depicts the respondent s level of Job into Higher level employees and Lower level employees, in which 66 male and 16 female respondents are from Middle level employees and 17 male and 1 female respondent from higher level employees. From Gender prospective, out of total 100 respondents, 83 respondents are male and 17 respondents are female.COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 798 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 From the Qualification point of view, 21 male and 6 female respondent have Graduation s qualification and 61 male and 10 female respondent have Master s qualification and 1 male and 1 female respondents have other qualification Table 4. 3 Experience, Experience with current job and Age N Experience Experience with current job Age Valid N (list wise) 98 87 95 85 Minimum 0 0 18. 00 Maximum 36 36 58. 00 Mean 8. 62 5. 7 32. 9053 Std. Deviation 8. 445 5. 963 8. 86311 Table 4. 3 shows the respondents Experience level, Experience with current job and respondents Age. Out of 100 respondents, 98 respondents respond to Experience answer with 0 and 36 years of minimum and maximum experience respectively. The mean value of experience employees is 8. 63 and standard deviation is 8. 445. Experienc e with current job respond by 87 respondents whose minimum experience to current job is 0 years and maximum experience to current job is 36 years. The mean and standard deviation of experience with current job is 5. 7 and 5. 963 respectively. Total 95 respondents give their age answer in with minimum age employee is 18 years with no experience and maximum age is 58 with 36 years of experience. The mean age of respondent is 32. 9053 and standard deviation is 8. 86311. 4. 2 Motivation: Table 4. 4 Model fitness for training and development and motivation Model Sum of df Mean square Square 1 Regression Residual Total F Sig. 10. 964 25. 670 36. 654 1 97 96 10. 964 . 265 41. 507 .000 The above table shows the overall fitness of the model and F stat of 41. 07 indicates that our model is good fit at 0% level of significance while the Sum of Square and Mean Square of model regression is 10. 964 and The Residual sum of Square is 25. 670 with a Mean Square of 0. 265 and a total Sum of Square o f model is 36. 654. COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 799 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Table 4. 5 Regression results for training and development and motivation Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients coefficients Model B Std. Beta t Error 1 (constant) Training and Development 1. 42 . 602 . 382 . 093 . 547 3. 511 6. 443 APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Sig. .001 . 000 This table shows the relationship between motivation and Training and Development. The results depict that Training and Development has 54. 7% positive impact on the motivation level of employees with regard to their job and this relationship is significant at 0% level of significance. Table 4. 6: Model Summary for training and development and motivation Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Change Statistics R Square Change F Change df1 df2 Siq. F Change 1 .547 .300 .292 .51443 .300 1. 507 1 97 .000 Table 4. 6: The value of R for the model between the Motivation and Training and Development is 0. 547 and the value of R square for the model is 0. 300. The Adjusted R square for the Motivation and Training and Development is 0. 292. The Model Standard Error of the Estimate is 0. 51443. The model significance is 100%. The value of adjusted R square is . 292 that shows that out of total, 29. 2% variation in the motivation is explained by the training and development. 4. 3 Job Involvement: Table 4. 7 Model fitness for training and development and job involvement Model Regression Residual Total Sum of Square 5. 570 35. 057 40. 627 df 1 96 99 Mean Square 5. 570 . 358 F 15. 570 Siq. .000 The above table shows the overall fitness of the model and F stat of 15. 507 indicates that our model is good fit at 0% level of significance while the Sum of Square and Mean Square of model regression is 5. 570 and The Residual sum of Square is 35. 057 with a Mean Square of 0. 358 and a total Sum of Square of model is 40. 627. COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 800 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Table 4. Regression results for training and development and job involvement Unstandardized Coefficients Model B 1 (constant) Training and development 2. 330 . 428 Std. Error . 444 . 108 . 370 Beta Standardized coefficients t APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Siq. 5. 250 3. 946 . 000 . 000 This table shows the relationship between Job Involvement and Training and Development. The results depict that Training and Development has 37. 0% positive impact on the Job Involvement level of employees with regard to their job and this relationship is significant at 0% level of significance.Table 4. 9: Model Summary for training and development and job involvement Change Statistics Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate R Square Change . 137 F Change df1 df2 Siq. F Change 1 .370 .137 .128 .59610 15. 570 1 96 .000 Table 4. 9: The value of R for the model between the Job Involvement and Training and Development is 0. 370 and the value of R square for the model is 0. 137. The Adjusted R square for the Job Involvement and Training and Development is 0. 128. The Model Standard Error of the Estimate is 0. 59610.The model significance is 100%. Table 4. 10: shows the types of training methods result N Job instruction Informal Learning Coaching Special Tasks Job Rotation Case Studies Seminars Lectures Valid N (listwise) 99 100 90 91 91 99 99 100 89 Mean 4. 0808 3. 5600 3. 3889 3. 2306 3. 1538 3. 1414 3. 1212 2. 9900 Std. Deviation 1. 03684 1. 02809 1. 09846 1. 33397 1. 16355 1. 22899 1. 24763 1. 15902 COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 801 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Table 4. shows the mostly used types of training and development methods in banks, in which 99 out of 100 respondents give job ins truction method the highest rank with the mean of 4. 0808 and standard deviation of 1. 03684. Second most widely used method is informal learning having mean and standard deviation of 3. 5600 and 1. 02809 respectively. 90 respondents give coaching training method on the third important level. Mean of Coaching in results is 3. 3889 and standard deviation is 1. 09846. 91 respondents gives special tasks average rating with the mean of 3. 2306 and its standard deviation is 1. 33397.Job rotation has the mean value of 3. 1538 and standard deviation 1. 16355 by the 91 respondents. Case studies get the values of 3. 1414 and 1. 22899 of mean and standard deviation respectively. At the end, Seminars and Lectures get the lowest numbers by respondents of mean 3. 1212 and 2. 9900 respectively and standard deviation is 1. 24763 and 1. 15902. 5. 0 Conclusion Training for employees of an organization is considered very much important in order to achieve excellence and competence. But does training plays any other role besides providing learning and equipping the employees with demanding competencies?Surely it does as indicated that training has a positive impact on both motivation and job involvement. There are certain limitations of the study as the sample size is 100, which is too small a large scale study would provide more reliability to the study. This study however, clearly emphasizes the need and importance of the training on the employees in the banking sector characterized by low morale due to high work stress. COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 802 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS ReferencesAPRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Anglin, G. M. (2001). Company officer training and development – Maintaining consistency in dynamic environment , National Fire Academy, pp. 1-39. Dowswell, C. , Hewison, J. and Hinds, M. (1998), Motivational forces affecting participation inpost-registration degree c ourses and effects on home and work-life: a qualitative study ,Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28 (6), pp. 1326-33. Garavan, T. N. , Hogan, C. and Cahir-O Donnell, A. (2003), Making Training and DevelopmentWork: A Best Practice Guide, Dublin, Oak Tree Press.Hughey, A. W. , &Mussnug, K. J. (1997). Designing effective employee training programmes. Training for Quality , 5 (2), pp. 52 57. Jamil, R. , &Md. Som, H. (2007). Training Needs Analysis : Practices of Top Companies in Malaysia. International Review of Business Research Papers , 3 (3), 162-175. Khattak, M. A. , Bashir, F. , &Qureshi, T. M. (2010). â€Å"Training and Development paradigm, and its contribution in economic uplift of the country, A case from Pakistan†, 12th International Business Research Conference, pp. 1-16. Lester, S. 1999), Professional bodies, CPD and informal learning: the case for conservation ,Continuous Professional Development, 2(4), pp. 11-121. Manu, J. S. (2004). â€Å"Training and development techn iques for improving organizational performance for Ghanaian firms†. The Graduate School, University of Wisconsin-Stout , pp. 143. Mathieson, M. (2006). Improving organisational performance through developing our people , Industrial and commercial training , 38 (2), 70-77. Miller A. J. , SPHR, Osinski M. D. , SPHR. (1996), Training needs assessment Murphy, C. , Cross, C. , & McGuire, D. (2006).The motivation of nurses to participate in continuing professional education in Ireland. Journal of European Industrial Training , 6 (5), 365-384. Roscoe, J. (2002), Continuing professional development in higher education , Human ResourceDevelopment International, 5(1), pp. 3-9. Rusbult, C. , Farrell, D. , Rogers, G. and Mainus, A. (1988), Impact of exchange variables on exit,voice loyalty and neglect: an integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction ,Academy of Management Journal, 31, pp. 599-627. Stephenson, J. (1999), Corporate Capability: Implications for the Style andD irection ofworkbased learning , National Centre for Vocational Education Research COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 803 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Withey, M. and Cooper, W. (1989), Predicting, exit, voice, loyalty and neglect , AdministrativeScience Quarterly, 34, pp. 521-39. COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 804 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Appendix I APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12Questionnaire: Dear Sir/Madam, I am a student of M. Com at Hailey College of Commerce. The following research is part of our degree program and conducted for purely academic purposes. The purpose of research is to find out the Extent of Training in banks and its impact on Employees Motivation and Involvement in Job. All the information collected through the questionnaire will be used only for contribution to knowl edge and kept secret/confidential. Please ensure that you mark all the given statements as incomplete responses will not fulfill researcher s requirements. General Perspective 1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Indifferent (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree In my opinion, Training must be part of every employee s Job 1 2 3 In my opinion, Training must be provided on regular basis. 1 2 3 My organization considers the training program important for the employees 1 2 3 The training used by the organization is effective. 1 2 3 I am satisfied with the training program offered by the organization. 1 2 3 The training program is helpful in personal development. 1 2 3 The training program is helpful in professional development 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Motivation 1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Indifferent (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree I have a generally positive attitude toward those holding positions of authority over me. I enjoy competition and striving to win for myself and my work group. I like to tell others what to do and have no problem with imposing sanctions to enforce my directives. I like being active, assertive, and protecting the members of the work group. I enjoy the idea of standing out from the group, behaving in a unique manner, and being highly visible. I am willing to perform routine, day-to-day administrative tasks and duties. 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 Job Involvement (1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Slightly Disagree (4) Slightly Agree (5) Agree (6) Strongly Agree The most important things that can happen to me is to get involved in my present job. To me, my job is only a small part of who I am. I am very much involved personally in my job. I live, eat, and breathe my job. Most of my interests are centered around my job. I have very strong ties with my present job which would be very difficult to break. Usually I feel detached from my job. 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 805 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Most of my personal life goals are job oriented. I consider my job to be very central to my existence. I like to be absorbed in my job most of the time. 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 The Type of Training Used by the Organization (1) Never (2) sometimes (3) Mostly (4) Often (5) AlwaysCOACHING (a senior guides the junior or new entrant) JOB ROTATION (Systematically the trainee is moved from one place to another) SPECIAL TASKS (Assigning tasks to employees to increase their knowledge base) LECTURES (Lectures on specific issues and topics) SEMINARS (Experts from outside organization are called to discuss specific issues) CASE STUDIES (Written material is provided regarding organization problems and events) INFORMAL LEARNING (Colleagues and friends discuss matters informally) JOB INSTR UCTIONS (Written instructions are provided regarding procedures) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Type of Bank ——— O Public O Private O O Nature of Bank —— O Conventional O Islamic O O Level of Job ———- O Middle Level O Top Level O O Experience (in Years) ______________ Experience with Current Job (in years) ______________ Qualification ——- O Graduation O Masters O Others O O O _____________________ Age (in Years) _________________________ Gender —- –O Male O O O THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TIME AND COOPERATION Female COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 806

How to Work Your Gps

London Colorado Technical university Online HOW To work your GASP unit Before we place your unit on you, we will go over how to charge it and listen to messages. Your unit does have to be charged at least two hours a day. You can charge it an hour in the morning an hour at night. You can break It up into 30 minute intervals, as long as you charge It a minimum of two hours a day. You can never overcharge Just don't undercharge It.First, you are going to plug In the power supply into a wall outlet. Pull down the dust cover from the charging port. Next, you are ongoing to connect the power cord to the charging port. The blinking light will go solid and the unit will make a happy sound when there is a good connection. The unit itself will start beeping when the battery is fully charged. Once you hear this, disconnect the power cord, the unit will make the sad sound. Replace the dust cover and you are done charging.Now your officer can communicate with you thru this unit. They can send me ssages that say â€Å"Call your officer now, remember your appointment, pay your fees immediately, report to the office immediately and low battery, recharge unit. In order to hear whatever message your officer sends to you, you will need to acknowledge the message. When your officer sends a message to your unit, you will hear a continuous beeping sound. Between beeps, gently place your finger on the indentation about the charging port.You are going to lightly flick It, like you are flicking water. The unit will then play the message. Walt until you hear the full message, and then flick the indentation once again to acknowledge you heard the message. If you don't, the message will continue to play until you do. Depending on what the message is, your officer will know you received the message and will expect for you to do that action. If it says â€Å"call your officer now' or â€Å"low battery, recharge unit† you have 15-20 minutes to call them or charge unit.If It says rep ort to the office Immediately, you have 45 minutes to an hour to report. If It says this I would call your officer to let them know you are on your way. K, this little tower Is your beacon box. It has its own internal batteries, so you do not need to charge it. It has a blinking green light on it. If this light goes out, you need new batteries. This helps your unit recharge faster and helps to triangulate your signal within your souse. First, you need to find a central location in your home.You are going to place your beacon at least three feet off the ground on a solid surface. Do not place on floor. Place the beacon with the green battery light facing the room so the light can be easily seen. Do not place the light facing a wall. You need to keep the beacon away from direct sunlight, mirror, metal, and appliances. Do not cover the beacon with anything. Any questions? Alright, you are ready to go. Stay out of trouble and have a great day! Charging port and dust cover Indents Zion t o acknowledge message. Beacon Box

Free Essays on Greece

Greece is famous for it’s natural beauty. The land is mountainous and rugged, and as the ancient Greek geographer Strabo wrote, â€Å"the sea presses in upon the country with a thousand arms†. In natural resources, however, the country is relatively poor. The central mountain area consists of the Pindus Mountains, which run north to south, and are sparsely populated. There’s also a damp, mountainous region in the west. Eastern Thessaly, Macedonia, and Thrace have dry, sunny plains and low mountain ranges. Central Greece contains the Athenian plain, Greece’s most famous region. The Peloponnisos peninsula in the south is mountainous with narrow valleys. The islands, most of which are in the Aegean, are high, stony, and dry. With a typical Mediterranean climate, Greece’s lowlands have, dry summers and rainy winters. The mountain areas are much cooler, with considerable rain in the summers, and snow in the winter. Greece has few natural resources of economic value. Exceptions include significant petroleum and natural gas deposits, located under the Aegean Sea, near the island of Thasos. Deposits of bauxite and iron ore are rich in metal. Greece is missing some commercially important minerals, such as nickel, copper, uranium, and magnesium. Although the waters surrounding the country are inhabited by a large variety of fish, few spicies are plentiful.... Free Essays on Greece Free Essays on Greece Throughout the world, Greece probably has one of the longest and most tumultuous histories. The pattern by which Greece’s democratic tendencies seem to follow is no exception to this general rule. The establishment of the New Democracy Party was no easy task for Greece. Constantine Karamanlis founded the New Democracy Party on October 4, 1974. It was founded to ensure Greece’s future as a Republic rather than a Constitutional Monarchy. The necessity of the New Democracy Party arose seven years before its eventual formation. In 1974, the mission of the New Democracy was to be, â€Å"the political party that identifies the nation with the people, the homeland with its people, the state with its citizens, national independence with the people’s sovereignty, progress with the common good, political freedom with the rule of law and social justice† (Important Moments). Just before the scheduled elections were to take place on April 21, 1967, a group of high ranking military officials led by Col. George Papadopoulos seized power from the government in a coup d'etat. â€Å"The leaders of the 1967 revolt did not represent the interests of the personnel of any of the traditional political parties† (Papacosma 185). Civil liberties were suppressed, specific military courts were established, and most of the political parties were dissolved. A major portion of political opponents were imprisoned or exiled to remote Greek islands. Papadopoulos would rule for the next several years (U.S. Department of State). Throughout the majority of 1973, an enormous amount of dissention within the armed forces and student disturbances combined with a skyrocketing rate of inflation shook the foundations of George Papadopoulos’s regime. Greece’s attempt in July 1974 to assassinate Archbishop Makarios, the President of Cyprus, brought Greece to the brink of war with Turkey. Senior Greek military officers then withdrew their support from the junta (t... Free Essays on Greece Greece is famous for it’s natural beauty. The land is mountainous and rugged, and as the ancient Greek geographer Strabo wrote, â€Å"the sea presses in upon the country with a thousand arms†. In natural resources, however, the country is relatively poor. The central mountain area consists of the Pindus Mountains, which run north to south, and are sparsely populated. There’s also a damp, mountainous region in the west. Eastern Thessaly, Macedonia, and Thrace have dry, sunny plains and low mountain ranges. Central Greece contains the Athenian plain, Greece’s most famous region. The Peloponnisos peninsula in the south is mountainous with narrow valleys. The islands, most of which are in the Aegean, are high, stony, and dry. With a typical Mediterranean climate, Greece’s lowlands have, dry summers and rainy winters. The mountain areas are much cooler, with considerable rain in the summers, and snow in the winter. Greece has few natural resources of economic value. Exceptions include significant petroleum and natural gas deposits, located under the Aegean Sea, near the island of Thasos. Deposits of bauxite and iron ore are rich in metal. Greece is missing some commercially important minerals, such as nickel, copper, uranium, and magnesium. Although the waters surrounding the country are inhabited by a large variety of fish, few spicies are plentiful....

Free Essays on The Influence Socrates On The Society

Every person has an idol, somebody to look up to, try to become alike, understand own mistakes in comparison, and be a little wiser. Most of our societies actually rely on somebody to tell them the proper way of doing things, but some of us are being leaders who can show the path. Socrates’ radical skepticism and questioning improved the society and morality. It took people a lot of time to open their minds and to see the truth and reality. This ideas, thoughts and methods were passed on by his followers, mostly by Plato. More than that, the only evidence and prove of the existence and importance of Socrates we know from Plato’s recorded dialogues. Socrates was the fundamentalist of the Western culture and people nowadays still use his theories to build and understand the world. In the times of Socrates (469-399BC) people were still barbarians in a way that they would do as were told to do. Their major fear was the government and the law. Women were not even allowed to vote, so automatically it became unreasonable to understand something you are not involved in. The government and especially the law were sacred since it was dictated by Gods. Greeks had many Gods at hat time which resulted in more rules, fear and punishment. Athenians got blinded by the strong power which was impossible to prove but hard to resist. Socrates’ major collapse regarding his behavior with other Athenians was his going too fast. People could not reach his level of wisdom, acceptance and supremacy so fast without getting afraid of the punishment from Gods. Some of Socrates’ friends obviously supported him and maintained the same attitude even after his death, but for others it took a while to understand the importance and magnificence of existence of such a m an. â€Å"Those who love me follow me†, said Socrates and was right since the only person who actually tried to prove the unreasonable and unfair judgment was Plato, the only lo... Free Essays on The Influence Socrates On The Society Free Essays on The Influence Socrates On The Society Every person has an idol, somebody to look up to, try to become alike, understand own mistakes in comparison, and be a little wiser. Most of our societies actually rely on somebody to tell them the proper way of doing things, but some of us are being leaders who can show the path. Socrates’ radical skepticism and questioning improved the society and morality. It took people a lot of time to open their minds and to see the truth and reality. This ideas, thoughts and methods were passed on by his followers, mostly by Plato. More than that, the only evidence and prove of the existence and importance of Socrates we know from Plato’s recorded dialogues. Socrates was the fundamentalist of the Western culture and people nowadays still use his theories to build and understand the world. In the times of Socrates (469-399BC) people were still barbarians in a way that they would do as were told to do. Their major fear was the government and the law. Women were not even allowed to vote, so automatically it became unreasonable to understand something you are not involved in. The government and especially the law were sacred since it was dictated by Gods. Greeks had many Gods at hat time which resulted in more rules, fear and punishment. Athenians got blinded by the strong power which was impossible to prove but hard to resist. Socrates’ major collapse regarding his behavior with other Athenians was his going too fast. People could not reach his level of wisdom, acceptance and supremacy so fast without getting afraid of the punishment from Gods. Some of Socrates’ friends obviously supported him and maintained the same attitude even after his death, but for others it took a while to understand the importance and magnificence of existence of such a m an. â€Å"Those who love me follow me†, said Socrates and was right since the only person who actually tried to prove the unreasonable and unfair judgment was Plato, the only lo...

Artificial intelligence in home automation

Artificial intelligence in home automation Abstract-Home automation is on horizon. It is an emerging technology and also a need of today. From the last decade a number of standards have been defined for home appliances. The main objectives of home automation are controlling, management and co-ordination of home appliances in a comfortable, effective and secure way. On the other hand, Artificial Intelligence is evolving as a technology for developing automatic systems that can perceive the environment, learn from environment, and can make decision using case-based reasoning. Using Vision capability, knowledge-based, learn ability, decision making and reasoning the AI provides a better solution for almost all automatic systems. In this paper we will see the types of home automation systems and then see how these system can utilize the AI tools so as to increase the effectiveness, powerfulness etc. Index TermsHome automation, artificial intelligence, knowledge base systems, secure home. INTRODUCTION One definition of an automated and networked home is An automated and networked home is one in which every appliance can be remotely managed from anywhere on the Internet with a simple Web browser The general goal of the automatic-home movement is to use networking technology to integrate the devices, appliances and services found in homes so that the entire domestic living space can be controlled centrally or remotely [6]. Home wiring, the advance home developers are installing, typically adds several thousand dollars to the cost of a new home, and it is usually Ethernet or coaxial cable or some combination of both with other technologies in the mix. The network is being designed to make possible remote operation of appliances connected to the network. A. Services Provided by the Home Automation System Comfortable A home automation system provides a large number of services which can broadly classified into following four categories: 1) le management of appliances 2) Remote controlling of appliances 3) Efficient utilization of home resources 4) Enhancing home security Comfortable management includes automatic adjustment of AC(air conditioning) setting, fan regulation setting etc. Remote controlling services include accessing devices from remote location and setting them ON/OFF. Efficient utilization includes running the home appliances at their optimal setting (setting at which we get the required output at minimum cost). Last category of service includes all those services which are used for securing the home environment. In this paper we will see the implementation of all these categories of services one by one and will see the application of AI techniques in implementation. In Section-II we will see AI techniques Knowledge-based system very briefly. Section-III covers the issues concerned with home automation. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS (KBS) AI is the collection of powerful and rigorous programming techniques studying the nature of intelligence by building computer systems, and the application of these concepts in solving real-world problems. The growth in the areas of AI has been increased significantly from the last decade. There exist a number of AI tools that make an automation system more sophisticated but here we will discuss the knowledge-based systems only as it is used frequently. Knowledge Based System: A knowledge-based system (KBS) is an AI based system that contains a significant amount of knowledge in an explicit, declarative form. The area of KBS development has matured over the past two decades. It started with first-generation expert systems with a single flat knowledge base and a general reasoning engine, typically built in a rapid-prototyping fashion. This has now been replaced by methodological approaches that have many similarities with general software engineering practice. KBS development is best s een as software engineering for a particular class of application problems. These applications problems typically require some form of reasoning to produce the required results. In current business practice there is an increasing need for such systems, due to progression of information technology in our daily work. For home automation, knowledge-based systems can provide the base to store the user preferences and managing the home appliances accordingly. PRELIMINARIES If we talk home automation, there are following three main issues: 1) How to connect home appliances and apparatus 2) How to make two home appliances to communicate to each other 3) How to control and manage home appliances As far as first issue is concerned, a number of standards have been developed for interconnecting the home devices and apparatus in a network so as to make their management much easier and comfortable. Summarized from a following are the main networking technologies used for connecting devices in home environment: 1) Direct cable connection 2) Bluetooth Connection 3) Phone Line 4) Ethernet 5) Radio (Free) Network 6) AC Network So we can connect the entire home devices by selecting any of the above-mentioned network technologies. Apart from connecting devices, the second issue regarding the home automation is how to make two devices communicate to each other. For handling this issue a number of standards have been developed. Summarized from there are following leading communication technologies in home environment: 1) UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) devices 2) X-10 based devices 3) Infrared devices 4) Bluetooth Devices 5) IP based devices All these technologies are well matured and have well settled standards. But, in this paper we will skip it as this is not of our concern. Now we move toward third issue i.e. how to manage and control the home appliances which is the issue we are concerned with. This issue can be handles in two ways. First, by using traditional digital and microprocessor-based systems like discussed in Second method for this is by using the sophisticated processing of artificially intelligent agents. If we consider the first choice, then it is somewhat more common but at the cost of time efficiency as well as feature limitations. On the other hand AI based technique provides more efficient and featured services like easy video and audio processing, easy reasoning etc. In this paper we will concentrate on the third issued of home automation i.e. management of home appliances and particularly, AI based home appliance controlling and management. MANAGING HOME APPLIANCES FOR COMFORTABILITY As discussed in Section-I, the first service that a user expect from the home automation system is the comfortable management of devices. e.g. the regulator setting of AC depends upon the temperature of the room. As the temperature increases the AC regulation rating (hence cooling rate) also need to be increased. Some features of such systems are: 1) These are closed loop systems 2) Sensors are transducers and other mechanisms for sensing the current proximity condition e.g. sensing the room temperature 3) Actuators are simply the mechanism to change the environment according to the control signals received from the knowledge base. 4) Knowledgebase (KB) is the centralized part of the system and is the main part to discuss here. This KB system can be implemented by using simple digital circuitry as discussed in [17] or using microprocessor systems as discussed in [11] but both suffer from the problem of manual setting. In both the system user has to decide and change the threshold setting whenever there is a change in the environment. E.g. in summer AC is used to down the temperature while in winter the same are used to up the temperature. So, user has to change the setting when season changes because the system cant learn from its experience. But using the KB system having learning capability, system can adjust the threshold setting as it gets the experience in its environment. For this system we need a KB system that can learn from the experience that what is comfortable temperature for the home users and can adjust the setting of AC and fan regulator accordingly. CONTROLLING HOME APPLIANCES FROM REMOTE LOCATION The second feature provided by the home automation system is the remote access to devices and their management. E.g. suppose you are going back to your home and it will take 20 minutes to reach your home. Now, you want to on you find your home with comfortable temperature. In such a scenario you need to access your home appliances and also to control them from remote location. Following are main points to consider about this class of systems: 1) Authorizer and Receiver is an electronic system capable to receive the control signal. As discussed in Section-II there exist a number of such systems any of them can be used for this purpose. One important thing about this system is that it requires some authorization mechanism to ensure that the request is authorized one. For this purpose we can use some cryptographic techniques to encode and decode the request so that only authorized user can access the network. 2) The decision maker system is an AI based agent that can decide what action should be taken in response to received query. E.g. suppose user just put the query that the room temperature should be x0 c. Now, this is the Decision Maker that will identify from its experience that the AC will maintain this temperature. And then it will determine setting of AC regulator corresponding to this particular temperature. Of course, the same system can be implemented by some electronic circuitry but that will be more complex, less flexible and less featured as compared to this learning based (case based) AI agent system. 3) The third component of this system i.e. Actuator is similar to the action implementer in the previous system. So, we will not discuss anything about this here. EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF HOME APPLIANCES This application of home automation system is not as common as discussed two applications. But, on the other hand if the automation system is applied in the industrial environment then it becomes the more prominent and beneficial feature of the automation system E.g. Suppose the AC of your office (or room) is ON but you are not in your room from last three hours. Then why the AC is still ON? This is just wastage of power. As said already, this power wastage is not much in case of home appliances but in industries power saving is one of the major cost-cutting factor. So, for implementing this we need a system that can OFF the AC if it found that there is no person from the last significant time. We said here the word significant as the exact time cant be determined and depends upon the scenario (like for bedroom the AC should down OFF if there is no person for one hour while in waiting room the AC should go down when there is no person from last two hours). In such a scenario, we are supposed to have some automation system that can continuously pole the environment and can decide the appropriate action whenever needed. These systems should fast enough for responsiveness and effectiveness. The working of the components of the system is as follows: 1) The status poller continuously senses the environment conditions and forwards the sensed condition-factors to analyzer and knowledge-based database. 2) The Analyzer receives the current environmental condition from poller and with the help of the knowledge base database, it analyses the variation in the environment. Now, depending upon the variation Analyzer gives the instruction to Actuator. 3) Again here the actuator is similar to the actuator discussed in previous sections. The major differentiating factor of this system from previously discussed systems is that this is sequential while previous one was atomic, because, in this system the action to be taken depends upon the present and previous environmental conditions. SECURE HOMES The last major application provided by the home automation system is to provide the home security. This is the most complex home automation system. The description of how system works is as follows: 1) Security sensors sense the environment for security threat. 2) The analyzer and synthesizer analyses the data received from the sensors and filter out any security threat. If it found any security threat, then it sends the sufficient information to reasoning system. 3) The Reasoning system apply the reasoning for detecting whether the security threat is really a threat, if yes then it fires the security alert system for alerting the user about this security threat by analyzer. 4) This analyzer is same as used at the second stage but opposite in nature. The previous converts the physical information into digital form while later one converts the digital information back to physical form to alert the user. APPLICATION OF AI IN HOME AUTOMATION Now, in this Section we will concentrate on the application of AI in all the four forms of home automation system one by one. A. Use of AI in Comfortable Systems In these systems the application of AI is limited as most of the part can be easily implemented using some electronic circuitry. Here the only part where the AI is effective is the knowledge-based database which should be learnable (as discussed previously) for system to be truly comfortable. Since AI tools are little bit costly it will increase the cost of the system but will make the system more comfortable, flexible, easy updatable etc. B. Use of AI in Remote Controlling Systems In these systems AI can be applied in the authorizer as well decision maker stage. Applying AI at the authorizer will increase the responsiveness and security and is more applicable when the environment under consideration is an industry where security is a major concern (e.g. Banks). On the other hand, Decision making part can utilize the case ba sed reasoning of AI for effective and efficient management as it has to decide that which of the target device is corresponding to this particular instruction.C. Use of AI in Optimizing the Resource Performance In this system AI can used to implement knowledge base as discuss for previous systems and for Analyzer as it makes it more efficient in deciding the particular action. Moreover, if analyzer is learnable from its experience then it will make the system more optimized.D. Use of AI in Secure Systems The biggest use of AI is in these systems. Here we can apply following tools of AI for various applications: 1) Video Processing for security threat analysis 2) Image Processing for security threat analysis 3) Audio processing for security threat analysis 4) Knowledge base system for Security system database 5) Case-based reasoning for analyzer and synthesizer 6) Decision Making in Security Checking and Decision making So these systems use the AI exhaustibly. Presently, even though, different technologies are used for implementing these systems but in the near future AI will be the only implementation technique behind these systems as it is proved to be more sophisticated and effective tool for listed applications. CONCLUSION In this paper we started our discussion with home automation system by defining four major applications of these systems which are comfortability, remote control, optimal resource utilization and security. After that we see the detailed structure of home automation for implementing these services one by one explaining the working of each system and use of heuristic-based tools in these systems. At the last we discuss about the applications of AI tools in all four types of home automation systems. From this discussion it is clear that AI is emerging as a very useful and applicable technology for Home automation. On the other hand, home automation systems provide AI a vast range of Application.

The God Father Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Scream Movie Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Scream Movie Effects - Essay Example As one of the characters exclaims, "There is a formula for a very simple formula that everyone is a suspect ..!†This document will explain how Craven uses his camera shots, and explicit scene to scare the viewer and keep them guessing who the murderer (s) is. In horror movies, the sound is an intricate part of the film. Scream is no exception. Immediately from the beginning of the movie, the sound is present. The film begins in the same manner with creepy music in the background Dimension Films comes slowly from the darkness. It is followed by a roar as if many of the doors are closed. Even when the music is still mysterious as the film title is stretched and returns in a crash. Then, the phone rings, rapid beating of a heart, fast, scary screams, a knife cutting something, and, finally, followed by more shrill screams. The ringing phone connects to the first scene. The caller picks up the phone and the music, the beating heart, and cry disappear. All this happens within 20 sec onds of the film. Craven has already played in all senses of the viewer. It is expected that something bad is happening. Another example of sound effects early is when Drew Barrymore hangs up the phone for the second time from the mysterious caller. The scene changes to outside the house where the camera focuses on a few branches. We hear the sound of crickets, frogs, etc. In these sounds, a crack is heard. The camera moves down and the viewer sees that it is a swing swaying forward and back, which is making noise. The rope rubs against the branch. It creates a feeling of excitement because, among the quiet night sounds that sound strange cracking sound. It also leaves the viewer wondering maybe someone is in the tree? Wes Craven is determined to use these small objects to scare the viewer. Different images give the viewer information about what is happening on stage. Wes Craven has carefully chosen his plans.

Planning and conducting research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Strategy, Business Information and Analysis Assignment - 2

Strategy, Business Information and Analysis - Assignment Example When a company does not know how to tackle the complexity being contributed by the external factors, the only option for addressing such issues would be to develop, design and implement a strategy. However, before going to implement, the strategy, it is highly significant to take into account the external and internal factors along with considering the examples of successful and failed strategies. In the following parts of this paper, first strategy has been defined in which Mintzberg’s 5Ps have been included. Subsequently, it is followed by the evolution of the word ‘strategy† has been provided. After that part, different schools of thoughts have also been included. Before the part addressing the question of strategy construction, the answer of the question (Does strategy matter?) has been provided. Strategy is a broad term (Snyder, 1999). Strategy has a specific definition and sense particularly within the context of business (Campbell et al. 2002). In this regard, Mintzberg (1987) defines strategy can have five different types of definitions: plan, ploy, pattern, position and perspective. And each is separately defined and explained below. Strategy can be defined as a plan (Mintzberg, 1987). It can be a course of action, a set of guidelines for carrying out specific actions for dealing with a particular situation (Mintzberg, 1987). Mintzberg (1987) further explains that this definition has two dimensions: the plans are developed in advance and concentrated and careful efforts are utilised for developing such plan. Subsequently, strategy can work as a ploy (Mintzberg, 1987). In this type of situation, an organisation tries to manoeuvre for the purpose of discouraging competitors from taking certain strategic action Mintzberg (1987). In this type of strategy, the organisation is not really interested to implement what it

Supreme Court of the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supreme Court of the US - Essay Example It is evident from the very outset that the small, quiet city of Intrusion is indeed, in a state of panic; a state of affairs that the state is, in fact, responsible for – the protection of life. The suspicion that someone was selling methamphetamine illegally to the locals, more so to the underage [teenagers] and that and a popular life has been lost due to inappropriate use of the said chemical has been proved beyond doubt. I firm the legal principles that give the police department the right to protect life, people and their properties thereof. However, so must be done according to the constitution. In this very case, the state prosecutor advised the police department to talk with the local cell phone carrier about â€Å"cloning† the phone of a suspect, Mr. Doe’s, which was done, in effect, allowing the police to read text messages sent and received by Mr. Doe. In no time the police had evidence implicating Mr. Doe as a dealer and the location of the meth lab, leading to the accused being convicted and his meth lab being closed.   This case requires the explicit legal based decision on whether the interception of Mr. Doe’s text messages via a cloned phone was but an unreasonable search and seizure, exceeding the provisions of the Fourth Amendment. It is important to note that though individual’s privacy is doubt fundamental in this case, the degree to which the principles of search and seizure, more so of crucial evidence, promotes legitimate collective interests must not be lost, for laws enjoyed by every citizen of this nation also carry certain responsibilities (Bond v the United States 539).   Cell phones are important tools of communication, with criminal enterprises included in the same processes.

UK National Health Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

UK National Health Services - Essay Example The UK National Health Services has long delivered care and public health programmes through primary care. The community oriented primary care based on general practice populations and other health workers has debatably been able to make a significant headway against all odds mainly because of failure of primary care population failing to assume responsibility and proactive ownership of the process involved in improving the health of the population. The ideal would have been tailoring the primary care according to the local needs to a personalized care. Despite predominantly biomedical and humanist orientation, general practice in the United Kingdom has long been infused with knowledge and skills traditionally associated with public health medicine. The philosophy involves protecting, maintaining, and generating good health through a combination of individual and family assessments and provision of a supportive environment. This policy, to be able to be successful, demands closer working relationships between the public and the professional and the system acting as an integrating catalyst between the two and the policies building the ground rules for close collaboration and exchanges. The clinician in this framework has essentially dual responsibility in the sense that he needs to devise and implement anticipatory measures to reduce the risk of a future illness within the guidelines of the framework as well as to treat the disease in case of an incidence. Assuming the responsibility of both community and clinical function is painstaking since this calls for establishment of a new alliance between the health professionals and patient population to co-produce health in a joint venture. Unfortunately even though, this is sound theoretically, practically, the market-oriented reforms in the health services in an attempt to redefine and strengthen the discipline of health services did not help much to improv e the perceived the decline in the quality of care. This happened essentially due to a fault in the framework itself. The desired result and improvement was never achieved since the internal market within the service framework tended to separate the roles of health authorities and practitioners. The public health professionals sought to develop strategic planning and purchasing functions within the health authorities mainly to remain in control as they were, and in contrast, the fund holders dismissed the constraining disciplines of needs assessment and service evaluations (Majeed, A., 2003). Child Health Services: It is important to consider child health services in the framework. It is an important indicator for quality of care services. United Kingdom health services pay particular attention to the children in need. Children in need are defined as those who will be unable to achieve and maintain a reasonable standard of health or those whose health or development is likely to be significantly impaired or further impaired without services. This puts in place services for the children in need, for the children with disabilities, with family difficulties, and with poverty. Using school health as an example, the problems are known to be encountered liaising with the education

Supreme Court of the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supreme Court of the US - Essay Example It is evident from the very outset that the small, quiet city of Intrusion is indeed, in a state of panic; a state of affairs that the state is, in fact, responsible for – the protection of life. The suspicion that someone was selling methamphetamine illegally to the locals, more so to the underage [teenagers] and that and a popular life has been lost due to inappropriate use of the said chemical has been proved beyond doubt. I firm the legal principles that give the police department the right to protect life, people and their properties thereof. However, so must be done according to the constitution. In this very case, the state prosecutor advised the police department to talk with the local cell phone carrier about â€Å"cloning† the phone of a suspect, Mr. Doe’s, which was done, in effect, allowing the police to read text messages sent and received by Mr. Doe. In no time the police had evidence implicating Mr. Doe as a dealer and the location of the meth lab, leading to the accused being convicted and his meth lab being closed.   This case requires the explicit legal based decision on whether the interception of Mr. Doe’s text messages via a cloned phone was but an unreasonable search and seizure, exceeding the provisions of the Fourth Amendment. It is important to note that though individual’s privacy is doubt fundamental in this case, the degree to which the principles of search and seizure, more so of crucial evidence, promotes legitimate collective interests must not be lost, for laws enjoyed by every citizen of this nation also carry certain responsibilities (Bond v the United States 539).   Cell phones are important tools of communication, with criminal enterprises included in the same processes.

Google’s Country Experience Case Study Essay Example for Free

Google’s Country Experience Case Study Essay The well-known online search engine Google still being used in mainland of China, even they shut down the â€Å"Google China† service. Chinese sometime prefer to use â€Å"Google Hong Kong† instead. The reason of that is Google provides results of search more reliable and efficiency. However, Google still quitted the market of China. The work progress of search engine is more complicate than just search the key-words. The key-words could be link to every websites that used the word, sometime it just have nothing to do with the main point. According to Curt Franklin, the search engine’s works basically performs three tasks: (http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/search-engine.htm) ï‚ §Search the Internet, or select pieces of the internet based on important words. ï‚ §Keep an index of the words they found, and where they found them. ï‚ §Allow user to look for words or combinations of words found in that index. In that index, they don’t only sort the websites by key words, but also by contents. So each time we search something by words, in order to get what exactly we need, the system would find out more results that link to these words in the index. That’s how that’s how sometime we got results helpful but have no same key words with what we typed in. Search engines always provide free search experience for users; they make money from other websites. For websites, of no one check on at all, that won’t be necessary to exist. Search engines are just a good way to bring those websites in front of people’s eyes. According to Grant Crowell, there are a lot ways to make money for a search engine website. They can all sort into 3 aspects: (http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2066421/How-Search-Engines-Make-Money) ï‚ §Provide unique search technologies, a search engine has to consider what differentiates its search product from others. And they can sell the technologies to others. ï‚ §Commercial search results, which means those websites they can pay to the search engine for raise their websites’ shown on the result list. ï‚ §Advertising, provide advertise link which about what users search out of the search results. One step further, search engines could build some partnerships with a diversity of vendors, partners,products, and sales channels. However, as the internet getting bigger, Google grew bigger. Today’s Google is not just a search engines. We could find news, music, movies channels on it. Google system on cellphone is still in competition with Apple’s IOS IPhone system. Lately, with internet going everywhere in our life, Google’s own laptop system has become more popular. Which has no hard drive, everything saves on Google cloud. Obviously, the ways Google make money are more than we can imagine. The search engines have high exportability in every country as long as they use internet there. It like a transportation industry, no matter what people do, they need transportation to move their goods. Search engines are just â€Å"transportations† which bring the websites with information that user need to them. It’s good to bring the technology into a new area; it may improve internet users’ experience. The business model for Google or others search engines basically is selling advertises on search results. But these advertises are going to be useful based on what users searched. There are users looking for information, and also organizations which trying to giving information. The search engines give user search result and there advertisings about what they need to them, and get paid from these organization who post those advertising.